Friday, December 27, 2019

Lewis Carroll A Brief Biography - 785 Words

Lewis Carroll Lewis Carroll was born on January 27, 1832 in Daresbury, England. His real name is Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, but is known by his pseudonym Lewis Carroll. His mother was Frances Jane Lutwidge and Father was Charles Dodgson and he had a grandfather named Charles Dodgson who was an Army Captain. Lewis Carroll’s father was the Bishop of Elphin. He was the eldest son and third child in a family of seven girls and four boys. In 1846 his education began at a rugby school in Warwickshire, England, boys’ boarding school. On January 24, 1851 his college was interrupted to enroll at Christ church college Oxford University, two days after he is informed that his mother died of brain inflammation. In 1852 Lewis is named a student of Christ church. An Oxford studentship, like a fellowship, awards outstanding scholars. His studentship lasted 46 years until his death. In 1854 he graduates from Oxford University. In 1855 Henry Liddel becomes dean effecting Carroll both per sonal and professional. (Lewis Carroll Timeline. Shmoop. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2013.) Lewis Carroll’s influences were influenced by children, but more specifically Alice Liddell, the daughter of the dean of Oxford. Wrote the Alice stories for her and hence the name Alice. Interested in children, not specifically boys, influenced his writing. His mathematical background may have influenced his writing. Logical deposition, abnormal eating, dual personality, sleeping difficulties, the Victorian style, andShow MoreRelatedSalman Rushdies Haroun and the Sea of Stories Essay1155 Words   |  5 Pagesopportunity to overtake it (146). If the world did not neglect the fact that the Koran is also a story, perhaps there wouldn’t be such a fundamentalist movement surrounding it. Rushdie’s admiration of both the Beatles and Lewis Carroll are evident in the novel. Carroll wrote a poem titled, â€Å"The Walrus and The Carpenter† which inspired John Lennon to write, â€Å"I am the Walrus.† This poem was a criticism of fanatic religious followers, which is a major theme in a Haroun and the Sea of Stories (Shaw)Read MoreImpact Of Rock Roll On American Youth1990 Words   |  8 Pagesincluding the â€Å"Masters of War†, to accuse the arms businessman; â€Å"Only a Pawn in Their Game† was a song in support of the civil rights movement that was the reminiscent of Medgar Evers who was killed by the 3K party; â€Å"The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll† was a song as complaint about black girl Heidi; and â€Å"The Times They Are A-Changin † was a classic piece that reminded people of the American social system. The impact of these protest songs was far-reaching, it reflected the theme of the times,Read MoreThe Stud io System Essay14396 Words   |  58 PagesKing Kong, Astaire and Rogers musicals Universal --------- * Known For: Horror and melodrama * In Charge: Carl Laemmle, then various others * Directors: James Whale, Todd Browning, Karl Freund, John Stahl, Lewis Milestone * Actresses: Deanna Durbin * Actors: Boris Karloff, Bela Lugosi * Typical Films: Frankenstein, Dracula, All Quiet on the Western Front, Imitation of Life Columbia -------- * Known For: FrankRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Plagiarism39529 Words   |  158 Pagesacademics, plagiarism, university practice and responsibilities Academic plagiarism the act of academics taking others ideas or words and presenting them as their own without attribution is unfortunately more prevalent than previously thought (see Lewis et al., 2011). Moreover, as these and other authors report, academic plagiarism even when discovered, often goes unsanctioned (Bartlett and Smallwood, 2004; Kock, 1999). This situation Corresponding author: Belinda Luke, QUT, GPO Box 2434, BrisbaneRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesnineteen in 1855 when men tried to kidnap her and sell her as a slave. Her first husband, Lewis Leary, was killed in 1859 at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, during John Browns raid on the federal arsenal. Throughout Mary Langstons life, she treasured Lewiss bullet-riddled shawl, an emblem of his martyrdom. She often covered young Langston with it as he slept on her daybed. Mary Langstons first husband, Lewis Leary, had participated in John Browns raid against the U.S. arsenal at Harpers FerryRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception andRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesis agreed that the signal comes from an intelligent source and contains the message which says, when translated into English, Can you hear us? Describe yourself and where you are located. The continuously repeating message also includes a very brief description of the other civilization, indicating that they are a hydrocarbon-based life form that lives on two planets around a central star. Their signal gave no indication they know we exist. You, a leading government official, have been asked

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Teenage Pregnancy And Parenthood As A Social Problem

Teenage pregnancy and parenthood as a social problem Question – To what extent should we regard the efforts of recent governments to reduce teenage pregnancy and early parenthood as successful? * Source 1 Williams-Wheeler, D. (2004). The unplanned pregnancy book for teens and college students, Virginia Beach, VA: Sparkledoll Productions. The information gathered from this source is definitely devoted to the topic of teenage pregnancy because it is a helpful guide to those handling unplanned pregnancies. The author’s aim in this book is to educate teenagers who are pregnant this clearly identifies the audience the author is targeting has an aim to educate. The context in this book also goes beyond just explaining how to deal with pregnancy at a young age but also ways to prevent it. It’s as if the author is speaking to the audience reading this book rather than outlining the negatives of this social issue or making it an argument. From this book it doesn’t state that what is included has to be what a teenage pregnant mother should do, it shouldn’t influence a young mother to change her mind about how she should deal with her pregnancy but helps with her current situation and from reading this source she can determine what is best for her to do, from the choices of keeping the pregnancy or t erminating the book is split into sections to offer advice for both factors and ways to undertake that step. * Source 2 BBC News, (2015). Teen pregnancy rate continues to fall – BBC News.Show MoreRelatedA New Zealand Health Issue : Teen Pregnancies1404 Words   |  6 Pagesa New Zealand health issue: Teen Pregnancies A health issue is something that affects the well-being of groups or populations in a way that causes (public) concern. In this report I will be discussing why teenage pregnancy is a health issue in New Zealand and how it links to all the determinants of health which are influenced from teen pregnancy and parenthood. I am going to be discussing three determinants of health, these being; cultural, economic and social determinants of health. I will alsoRead MoreThe Popularity Of Teen Pregnancy1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe popularity of teen’s pregnancy worldwide has become a major concern in recent years. It is viewed as a global crisis as the increasing number of teenage girls bearing children outside of marriage or before graduating high school continue to rise. There are many reasons to scale down the teen pregnancy rate, and the financial costs of teens giving birth are important. After highly dropping for almost a decade-and-a-half, United States’ teen birth rate pe rcentages began edging skyward in recentRead MoreHealth Education Reduction Of Teenage Pregnancy1647 Words   |  7 PagesHEALTH EDUCATION REDUCTION OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (2010-2015) Introduction Teenage pregnancy (known as under-18 conception) negatively affects the health and wellbeing of both the young mothers and their children. Early parenthood is prone to the risk of postnatal depression, poor health (including mental health), social exclusion and by the age of thirty (30) there are more likely to live in poverty, have limited education, career and economic prospect. There is high risk ofRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy : The Highest Rate Of Teen Pregnancy1666 Words   |  7 PagesTeen Pregnancy The United States has the highest rate of teen pregnancy of most industrialized nations. 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Even though this is a serious problem, the good news is that teen birth rates in the United States have dropped almost continuously sinc e the early 1990s — including a six percent drop from 2011 to 2012 — further decreasingRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Teen Pregnancy on the American People832 Words   |  4 PagesThe Impact of Teen Pregnancy on the American People Although the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States has been on an overall decline, it remains the highest in the entire world. Teenage pregnancy is obviously still a problem in todays American society with roughly 97 per 1000 women aged 15-19, which rounds up to be roughly one million teenagers, becoming pregnant each year. Interestingly enough, 78% of these pregnancies are unintended. 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Because of hit television shows like 16 and Pregnant, Teen Mom, Teen Mom 2, and Teen Mom 3, media has made it acceptable for teens to attempt motherhood. In this case, teens are not taking in account the associated health risk and related issues like abortion, lack of care, and mental trauma. The children ofRead MoreShould School For Pregnant Teens?922 Words   |  4 Pagesbut should not give them the impression that it is the best thing to be a pregnant teen. Sociologist might want to study problems like this one because they are always interested in finding out the causes of problems. Why they might be able to contribute by helping us a greater insight to what is taking place in our society. Regardless of the causes or attitudes towards pregnancy they should be helped as long as they desire assistance, some might just need to see that there are options out there noRead MoreAdolescent Parenthood : An Issue Of Public Concern For Many Years1267 Words   |  6 Pages Adolescent parenthood has been an issue of public concern for many years. Adolescent parenthood has been the subject of numerous articles, public health reports, and public debate. So what makes adolescent parenthood such a popular topic of discussion and a reoccurring social problem? How does an adolescent parent relate to such public issues as education, poverty, and family? Researchers conduct literature reviews and original research in an effort to find a resolution to decrease adolescent pregnancy/parenthood

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Auditing Standard Of Lehman Brothers Collapse And Applicability

Question: Discuss about the Lehman Brothers Collapse And Applicability Of New Auditing Standard 701 Answer: Introduction The title of the report is the Lehman Brothers collapse and the introduction of new auditing standard 701. The title suggest that the collapse is itself is the history and there has been some fault on the part of the company as well on the part of the auditors thats why the new auditing standard has been developed and implemented immediately after the collapse of the great Lehman Brothers. The aim of the report is to identify the reasons as to why the Lehman brothers have been collapsed and the reasons of collision made by the auditors and what key matters should have been reported by the auditor which would have avoided the collapse of Lehman Brothers. In the first section the historical background of the company Lehman Brothers will be discussed and reasons will be discussed as to why the company has been collapsed. In the second section the reasons will be mentioned and discussed in detail as to why the auditors have not mentioned the fact of accounting fraud on the part of the c ompany in his annual report. Thereafter in the next section the introduction of the new auditing standard has been mentioned and its applicability has also been mentioned and listed the key audit matters that shall be reported by the auditors in his audit report. Then the key audit matters have listed which should have been reported by the auditor in his audit report which would have avoided the collapse. At the last the report has been ended up with the proper conclusion and recommendation. With these aims and the purpose, the report has been prepared in the defined sections and paragraphs. Lehman Brothers History And Collapse The company Lehman Brothers was founded by Henry layman in the year of eighteen thousand and forty four and has opened its first office in Alabama. In the beginning years he keeps on selling the dry goods to the customers of that province. After the joining of his two brothers in the business and with the ever growing cotton market presence in that area, they have expanded their business into the field of the cotton and start selling the dry goods to customers in exchange of dry cotton rather than money. Now they are into the cotton business. Soon during the period of English Civil war it has been recognized that the there was place where all the business men are engaged as the commission agents and they have decided to move to that place and have started the business of commissioning and start acting as an agent. With the English civil war, many roads, bridges and other transportations system requires the huge renovation and Government has started floating the tender for work and th e applying contractors or the companies were found in the need of funds to get the tender and the work started. With this the business of funding has taken its pace and Lehman Brothers from that period has started the system of banking and starts providing the funds to various companies and contractors and with the passage of time it has become one of the leading investments banking company serving the customers across the United States of America and other parts of the World (HBS, 2014). On 15th September of 2008, the Lehman Brothers have filed the bankruptcy application for protection which have shocked all the banking companies across the world and has been declared as one of the reasons for emergence of the global financial crisis for the year 2009 (Azadinamin, 2013). The Lehman Brothers have been collapsed not suddenly but has been facing the worst situation for the last eight years starting from the year of 2000. The reasons for the collapse of the Lehman Brothers are: Accounting Flaws The Company has been using the techniques of Repo 105 transactions. These transactions are permissible by the accounting standards and the corporations act 2001 if the nature and type of the transaction remains the same as mentioned in the accounting standard. But Lehman brothers have misused the provision. Repo 105 transactions state that the company may sell the securities to the prospective buyers in lieu of cash and then after the stipulated time will repurchase the security from them at premium (Chadha, 2016). The essence of the transaction is that the company has to sale first and repurchases the same within the specified period. But in actual the company has done the agreements for repurchase of the securities but the purpose has been defeated by just selling the securities and not treating the same as the loan and advance which has resulted in the manipulated figures of the financial statements and the actual has been hidden from the fact. This has been prev ailing for the last eight years but no one has noticed this fact. Due to this fraud the company has been running into losses in actual but has been in profit and reporting the quarterly profits (Farndale, 2008).. Lack of Buyer The Company immediately before the date of filing the bankruptcy protection was in the urge of having any buyer who could purchase or acquire the assets and liabilities of Lehman Brothers. The company has been able to find the buyer Barclays Bank but the same acquisition has been restricted by the Government regulations. Due to which the acquisition could not be done. Other banks that have faced the financial crisis have been able to find the buyers like Merrill Lynch and etc (Johnson, 2012). Lack of Rehabilitation Loan The federal reserve bank of India has backed from giving the loan to the company for its rehabilitation and revival as the companys daily expenses are being incurred from the daily loans that the company keeps on taking from the banks (Maux and Morin, 2011). The down turn has secondly because of deep investment in the real estate sector and at that time it was at its peak and simultaneously the company was not able to receive the payment from the borrowers and the loan given has become the bad debts. Thus, these factors apart from the liquidity problem and the heavy cost of employee majorly have led to the collapse of Lehman Brothers (Dutta, 2010). Reasons For Collision Of The Auditors In Fraud The auditor has to mention all the matters that he thinks to be disclosed according to the materiality in his auditor report on the financial statements of the company. He along with the relevant disclosure has to give the opinion as to whether the financial statements of the company represent the true and fair view of the affairs of the company. The major reasons as to why the auditor has not disclosed the material facts in the auditor report are explained below: The auditor of the company has received the high remuneration for the audit of the last eight years on consecutive basis amounting to $150 million and may be because of that the audit firm is under pressure to issue the unqualified audit report (Chatterjee, 2015, Mc 2010 and Inman, 2014). The auditor of the company was having the view that the company has been operating and entering the transaction of Repo 105 within the provision of the relevant accounting standard (Goldstien, 2014). . With this misbelieve the auditor has not applied the relevant and additional audit procedures through which the fraud could have been easily defined. The auditor has not verified the cash flow statements of the company and has blindly signed the cash flow statement which otherwise was showing the negative change in cash or cash equivalents for the last eight years (Coenen, 2010). Introduction Of New Auditing Standard 701 January 2015 is the history making period in the field of the audit and the most important standard in auditing practices has been introduced by International Auditing Assurance Standard Board that ISA 701- Communicating the Key Audit Matter (KAM) in the reporting of the auditor where the auditor has issued the Clean Opinion as a part of Independent Audit Report. This standard is further notified in 2016 by American Auditing Assurance Standard Board and applies on all American companies listed in New York Stock Exchange. The intention of this standard is that the auditor should: Find out the matters which can be considered as Key Audit Matters, and Mention these identified matters in the Independent Auditor Report The matters which are considered as Key Audit Matters are opt by auditor from the information given by those charged with governance and have been assessed by auditor from his professional finding (AASB, 2015). The auditor will determine the KAM after doing discussions with those charged with governance and then among these discussed matters auditor will identify the significant areas which require his attention and detailed audit procedures. The following key areas help the auditor in verifying the KAM: Areas recognize as per ASA 315 in relation to identifying and assessing the material misstatements in the organization and its internal and external environment containing high risks. Areas where the management has taken accounting estimates for recording the uncertainty in the transactions. Areas where the audit procedures have made impact on transactions and its validity. The auditor will assess the important matters from above areas and called them as Key Audit Matters. After determining the Key Audit Matters, the auditor has to communicate these matters in the audit report. Each matters so identified by the auditor should disclosed properly in the audit report by containing the following: What are reasons for considering the particular matter as Key Audit Matters What are the methods employed by the auditors for assessment of key audit matters and their implications and if any corrective actions is required to be performed whether they have been performed and if so what are the implications of these actions and any other important point which needs investors attention on the matter. Key Matters Disclosures No Collapse The fallback of Lehman Brothers cannot be happened on such a high scale if Australian Auditing Standard 701 was introduced in the earlier period before 2007 instead of 2016 when it was introduced by Auditing Standard Board. The auditor in the collapse will be escaped on the fact that he issued unqualified opinion because there was no option to issue key audit matter and the opinion is not came under the category of qualified opinion. Even the stakeholders can save themselves if the key audit matters were reported in the auditor report and auditor has done substantial details audit procedures to check the key audit matters. The following reporting matters were considered as Key Audit Matters in case of Lehman Brother to stay away from fallback: The complex nature of business of Lehman Brother should report as Key Audit Matter in the auditor report. As the firm was operating in more than 40 countries with 7000 or more offices across the world, there is high significant risk of having the disputes and difference of opinion among management personnel which was actually the major reason of the collapse. The repurchase short term securities agreement known as Repo 105 transactions in the banking sector. The auditor should report the policy which was adopted by the firm in relation to these agreements. The firm shows these agreements as their operating sales and generates operating revenue which was used to pay of the liabilities lying in the balance sheet instead of recording them as borrowings which needs to repay with interest after lock in period of two years. The auditor should report the decreasing level of liquid assets in the company. The cash and cash equivalents were impacted and decreased by $ 167 million in 2008 as compared to 2007 as result of payment of borrowings which has been generated from short term repurchase agreements. The auditor should report about the subprime contracts entered into by the firm which the customers having bad credit rating for housing loans. The defaults were increased in these contracts creating a significant risk matter which can have material impact on the financial statements of the firm and lead to the reason for collapse and required the those charged with governance attention (Masytoh, 2010). Conclusions And Recommendations The report has been concluded with aim of finding the impact of fall back on the auditor report in case of Lehman Brother which created a history of manipulation of accounts from its accounting practices. The significance of the professional competence and due care by the auditor has been analyzed and discussed in relation to New Auditing standard 701- Communication of Key Audit Matter where the responsibilities of the auditor against the stakeholders has been increased in the matters having high risk and can impact the financial and liquidation position of the firm. It is highly recommended from the study that the auditor should maintain the professional behavior with integrity and objectivity to find out the different risk factors which can have impact on the decision making of different users of the audit report. References AASB, (2015), ASA 701, Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independents Auditors report, available on https://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/ASA_701_2015.pdf (accessed at 16/05/2017). Azadinamin A, (2013), The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers: Causes of Failure and Recommendations Going Forward available through https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230687440_The_Bankruptcy_of_Lehman_Brothers_Causes_of_Failure_Recommendations_Going_Forward (accessed at 15/05/2017). Chatterjee P, (2015), Ernst and Young pays $10 million to settle Lehman Brothers Audit failure Lawsuit, available through https://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=16019 (accessed at 15/05/2017). Chadha P, (2016), What caused the failure of Lehman Brothers, available through https://www.omicsonline.com/open-access/what-caused-the-failure-of-lehman-brothers-could-it-have-beenprevented-how-recommendations-for-going-forward-2472-114X-S1-002.php?aid=77283 (accessed at 15/05/2017). Coenen T, (2010), Is Ernst and Young to blame in Lehman Brothers Fraud? available on https://www.aol.com/article/2010/12/23/fraud-files-is-ernst-and-young-to-blame-in-lehman-bros-fraud/19774486/ (accessed at 15/05/2017). Dutta, (2010), Lehman Shell Game, Strategic Finance, Vol 92(2), pp 21-29 Farndale N, (2008), Lehman Brothers Collapse : How the worst economic crisis in living memory began available on https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/recession/3917584/Lehman-Brothers-collapse-How-the-worst-economic-crisis-in-living-memory-began.html (accessed at 15/05/2017). Goldstien M, (2014), Arbitrators Ease Blame on Ernst and Young for Audits of Lehman Brothers, available on https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/08/11/arbitrators-ease-blame-on-auditors-of-lehman/?_r=0 (accessed at 15/05/2017) HBS, (2014), History of Lehman Brothers, available on https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/history.html (accessed at 15/05/2017). Inman P, (2010), Auditors Role in Lehman Collapse Unites Opposition in calls for reform, available through https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/mar/15/auditors-role-lehman-collapse-critics (accessed at 15/05/2017). Johnson M, (2012), The failure of Lehman Brothers and its impact on other Financial Institutions, Applied Financial Economics, Vol 22(5), pp 377-383 Masytoh O, (2010), The analysis of determinants of Going Concern Audit Report, Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, Vol 6(4), pp 27-36. Maux J and Morin D,(2011), Black and White Red All over : Lehman Brothers inevitable bankruptcy splashed across its financial statements , International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol 2(20), pp 42-61 Mc G, (2010), Ernst and Young accused of hiding Lehman Troubles available through https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ernstandyoung-lehman-lawsuit-idUSTRE6BJ1FP20101221 (accessed at 15/05/2017).

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Mitochondria And Chloroplast Essay Essays - Cellular Respiration

Mitochondria and Chloroplast Essay name = Fnord Discordia email = [emailprotected] publish = yes subject= Biology title = Mitochondria and Chloroplast Essay Biology Mitochondria and Chloroplast Essay I. Introduction Out of all the organelles there are two that have fascinated microbiologists for the past hundred years. The first is the mitochondria, nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell." The second is the chloroplast in plant cells that have functions similar to those of the mitochondria. What do these organelles do? What are the similarities and differences of these organelles? This essay will help you to understand these two fascinating organelles. II. Mitochondria Mitochondria are small cytoplasmic organelles. They are five to 10 micrometers long and one to .5 micrometers wide. They main function is to provide energy for cell activities. They house the respiratory enzymes that convert oxygen and the products of fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), chemicals that have high-energy bonds. They are hollow all except for a folded line of matter that contains the ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the cell. Mitochondrion make use of a process known as oxidation to make fat acids and pyruvate acid into (indirectly) ATP and Pi (inorganic phosphate). The process goes as follows: 1) Oxidation of pyruvate acid into acetyl coenzyme A. 2) Oxidation of fat acids into acetyl coenzyme A. 3)Oxidation of acetyl coenzymes from step one and two into CO2 and NADH2. 4) Oxidation of NADH2 by oxygen forming water. 5) Synthesis of ATP coupled to NADH2 oxidation by process of oxidative phosphorylation. Most of this is self explanatory except for the last step (5). The final step contains a phrase "coupled to." This means that the compound (NADH2) must be present and have been oxidized for the synthesis of ATP, similar to a catalyst's presence of some reactions. Although the mitochondrion's major purpose is to supply the cell with the much needed ATP, it has others. Included in this list are nitrogen metabolism, porphyrin synthesis and steroid hormone synthesis. III. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are complicated green organelles that occur within the cytoplasm of plant cells. They are the main sites of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the change of light energy, CO2 water into sugar which is used as food. They are disk shaped organelles and are surrounded by two layers of membrane that enclose the watery inside or stroma. Inside the stroma there are green dots called grana (grains) that hold chlorophyll. As with the mitochondrion the Chloroplasts use radiant or solar energy to make a product. In this case hexose. 1) The pigment complexes in the chloroplasts (including but not limited to chlorophyll) collect solar energy. 2) The light energy gathered in the first step is used to run an electron transport chain that oxidizes water into 0xygen. NADP is reduced. 3) ATP synthesis is coupled to the electron transport train. 4) Carbon dioxide is fixed and converted to hexose. This process requires ATP and the reduced NADP created in step three and two respectively. IV. Conclusion Both the mitochondria and the chloroplasts have complex purposes in the cell. This first as the powerhouse that creates energy for cell activities. The second, chloroplasts which produce food that is used to power the cell. These procedures are facinating and more could be learned if time would allow it. Bibliography: Cytoplasmic Genes and Organelles. Sager, Ruth. 1972. London. Genetics and Biogenesis of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria. B?cher, Th. . 1976. Amsterdan. Mitochondria, Chloroplasts and Bacterial Membranes. Prebble, J N. 1981. New York. Methods in Enzymology. Volume 207. Rudy Benardo. 1992. San Diego.